基于单片机的智能化断路器设计

Design of Intelligent Circuit Breaker Based on MCU

学生姓名：

所在学院：

所在专业：

指导教师：

职 称：

所在单位：

论文提交日

期：

论文答辩日

期：

学位授予单

位：

基于单片机的智能断路器的控制与研究

目 录

摘 要………………………………………………………………………………………I
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………II
第1章绪论··························································································································1
1.1 课题背景·················································································································1
1.2 国内外现状和发展趋势·························································································1
1.2.1 发展现状·········································································································1
1.2.2 发展趋势·········································································································2
1.3 智能断路器的基本原理·························································································2
1.4 本文的主要内容·····································································································3
第2章控制器的硬件设计····································································································4
2.1 单片机系统·············································································································4
2.2 电压、电流互感器·································································································6
2.3 AD转换模块············································································································6
2.3 人机交互模块·········································································································7
2.4 温度检测与时钟电路·····························································································8
2.5 通信模块·················································································································9
2.6 本章小结·················································································································9
第3章控制器的软件设计··································································································10
3.1 主程序···················································································································10
3.2 保护模块软件设计·······························································································11
3.2.1 三段电流保护软件设计···············································································11
3.2.2 接地故障保护软件设计···············································································13
3.2.3 过电压、欠电压保护设计···········································································14
3.3 通信模块软件设计·······························································································14
3.4 本章小结···············································································································15
第4章控制器的仿真及分析······························································································16
4.1 基于Proteus的保护仿真模块···············································································16
4.2 过载长延时保护性能测试···················································································19
4.3 短路延时保护性能测试·······················································································19
4.3 单相接地保护性能测试·······················································································20
4.3 过压保护性能测试·······························································································20
4.4 本章小结···············································································································21

I

基于单片机的智能断路器的控制与研究

结	论··································································································································22
参	考文献······························································································································23
致	谢··································································································································25

I

基于单片机的智能断路器的控制与研究

摘 要

低压断路器是供配电系统中的一种控制与安保装置，对供电系统起着举足轻重的 作用。本文在断路器智能功能实现的基本原理上，对主控制单元进行了硬件和软件的 研究与设计，从而实现断路器的智能保护功能。

在学习和总结国内外文献和资料的基础上，设计了以Atmel公司的AT89C51芯片作 为系统的控制核心，对现场的状态信息进行实时读取和判断，以实现故障判断及保护 功能。硬件设计主要包括：CPU系统、数据采集模块、AD转换模块、人机交互模块、 通信模块、温度检测与时钟电路；软件设计包括：三段电流保护、接地保护、过电压 和欠电压保护、通信模块等软件的设计。最后，为了验控制器的智能保护效果，在 proteus仿真环境下搭建了仿真模型，并对仿真结果进行了分析，数据表明控制器达到 了设计要求。

关键词：断路器；智能控制；单片机；proteus

I

1学士学位论文

ABSTRACT

Low voltage circuit breakers is a distribution network control and protection devices for safe and reliable operation of the entire power grid plays a vital role. In this paper, the basic principle of intelligent circuit breaker, intelligent control unit hardware and software design, intelligent circuit breaker protection.

On the basis of studying abroad and summary information on the design with Atmel's microcontroller AT89C51 bit control core, on-site data collection and real-time judge, in order to achieve fault protection. Hardware design includes: CPU system, data acquisition module, AD converter module, human-computer interaction module, communication module, temperature detection and clock circuit; software design includes: three sections designed current protection, ground fault protection design, overvoltage and undervoltage voltage protection design, communication module software design. Finally, in order to verify that the protective effect of the controller in proteus simulation software to build a simulation model, and the simulation results are analyzed, the data indicate that the function controllers meet the design requirements.

Key words: Breaker；Intelligent control；MCU；proteus

II

第1章绪论

第1章绪论

第 1 章 1.1 课题背景

随着现代科技的飞速发展、经济的迅猛增长，各种高精度电子设备得到了广泛的 应用，对电网的供电质量提出了严重的挑战，这就要求电力行业不断更新完善供电技 术，使整个电网安全、经济、可靠、高效的运行[1]。

断路器是保护电网和负载发生故障的低压开关设备，对整个供电系统起到至关重 要的保护作用。传统断路器的保护功能是通过电磁部件实现的，其保护精度差，抗干 扰能力低，可靠性不高，若器件故障，容易引起误动作[2]。随着自动化和智能化水平的 逐渐提升，早期的断路器已不能满足现代技术发展的要求。在电力电子技术、微处理 器技术以及传感器的发展推动下，提出了可智能化的断路器使，使其在性能上得到了 质的飞跃和发展。

智能断路器采用高性能的微处理器为主控制芯片，可对电压、电流、频率、温度 等各种现场信息进行实时采样、显示和处理，其内部具有电流保护、接地保护、过电 压及欠电压等保护功能[3]。此外，用户可以根据实际情况来设置整定值，通常具有故障 诊断、故障信息查询、报警及实验等功能。本文主要是基于单片机的智能断路器的控 制与研究。

第 2 章 1.2 国内外现状和发展趋势

1.2.1 发展现状

国外对电力自动化保护的研究起步相对较早，在 年代中期，由英美等发达国家 率先提出使用计算机来实现电力自动化保护的概念，但受到当时微处理技术的制约， 该概念在实验初期就搁置了[4]。在 年代初期，随着集成电路技术的不断成熟，使功 能较完备的断路器得以实现。到上世纪末期，电力系统自动化保 术得到了快速的 发展，已经在全世 围内逐渐推广。目前，在国外产 具有代表性的主要有施耐 德公司的 系列、 公司的 系列、梅兰日兰的 系列、三菱公司的 系列、西门子公司的 系列。

国内对于这方面的研究起步较晚，可追 上世纪七、八十年代。目前国内的产 分为三代：第一代以 、 等系列产品为代表，由于当时的技术功能不完 善，所以没有在市场上得到推广。第二代主要包括自开发产品和引进产品两种系列， 自开发系列以 、 为代表，引进技术系列主要以 、 、 、 、 系列为代表，其性能较第一代产品得到了相对的提升[5]。第三代产品则以 、 等 系列为主，其性能与国外 年代产品类似。目前，智能化的断路器在国内得到 泛

1

第1章绪论

的使用，并提出了可通信的智能功能，其主要是在智能化的基础上加入了 总线通 信功能，可使断路器和微控制器进行双 据通信，从而实现遥控、遥测、遥 遥 讯的功能[6]。

1.2.2 发展趋势

根据国内外的产品和技术发展方向，目前断路器的发展趋势主要表现为以下几个 方面：

1、智能化及功能多样化

智能化就是在断路器 用微处理器技术，从而实现自身的保护功能，还可对现 场

的各种信息进行采样和处理，并对其进行显示[7]。此外，一部分断路器还具有诊断、实 验和监控等功能；有的断路器还可对供电质量进行分析；高级的断路器还实现了无线 通信的功能。

2、可通信化

将微处理技术和 总线技术应用到断路器中，使智能断路器的工作状况和现场 参数通过 总线与其它设备进行通讯，使系统实现网络化，以适应电气设备逐 能化的趋势。

3、模块化和通用性

将智能断路器的控制系统、触头系统、操作机构等主要功能部件分开设计，根据 实际的需求选择相应的模块进行组装[8]。模块化设计降低了产品的开发成本，易于实现 产品的生产，有利于断路器的维护和功能拓展。同时，其各个模块部件具有通用性， 用户可根据需要选择不同厂家的功能模块，实现满足功能的最优组合。

第 3 章 1.3 智能断路器的基本原理

智能断路器的控制原理图如图1.1所示，图中虚线部分为断路器的控制中 。控制 器主要由智能识别、数据采集和调节三个功能模块构成。

数据模块将采集到的电网模拟信号通过 模块转换为供 识别的数字信 号，然后传输给智能模块进行分析，智能识别模块是整个控制系统的核心，其内部为 一个或 个微处理器，根据系统的设定参数和当前采集的数据来识别和判断当前电网 的工作状态[9]。

当系统出现故 ，微处理器对其进行判断，若满足需要切断供电的条件时，则发 出断电信号，驱动相应的执行部件完成断电工作。调节模块由人机界面和通讯端口构 成，通过交互界面可以根据实际要求来设置保护动作触发的条件[10]。上位机可通过通 讯端口对当前电网的运行情况进行监控，还可以通过通信接 调整保护功能动作的条

2

第1章绪论

件和其它系统参数。

图1.1 智能控制器的原理图

智能控制相对于传统的断路保护具有可靠性高、适应性强、保护性好、体积小等 优点，近年来得到了越来越 泛的应用。

第 4 章 1.4 本文的主要内容

本设计的内容是基于单片机控制的智能断路器设计，主要包括硬件和软件两方面 的设计。通过硬件和软件的结合，实现断路器的智能保护功能。

本文的结构如下：

第一章为绪论，阐述了课题背景、国内外现状及发展趋势、智能断路器的基本原

理；

第二章为控制单元的硬件设计；

第三章为控制单元的软件设计；

第四章为控制器系统保护功能的仿真及分析。

3

第2章控制器的硬件设计

第2章控制器的硬件设计

本文设计的控制器应实现的功能如下所示：

1、测量功能

对现场的三相电压和电流、中线电流与接地电流、现场温度等参数进行实时检

测。

2、保护功能

该功能包括：三段电流保护，其主要由过载延时保护、短路延时保护及短路瞬时 保护三部分组成；接地故障保护；温度保护；过电压及欠电压保护[11]。

3、显示功能

显示现场的接地电流、三相电压及电流等参数，以及显示 场温度及时间和日期 的功能。

4、自诊断功能

控制器可对断路器的工作状态进行自诊断，当系统出现如 故障、采样错 误、参数丢失、 或 出错等问题时，显示模块均可对其进行显示，并提示报 警信息[12]。

5、通信功能

支持 协议，上位机可通过 接口与控制单元实现通讯功能。

综上所述，智能控制部分主要 括以下几个模块：单片机控制模块、数据采集模 、人机交互模块、通信模块及电源模块，如图2.1所示。

图2.1 控制器的结构框图

4