游动芯头拉拔模具摩擦磨损及其优化.pdf

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Universityof Chinese AcademyofSciences 圃幽中国科学院大学

博士学位论文

2012年11月

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By

Tang Weidong

A DissertationSubmittedto

Graduate UniversityofChinese AcademyofSciences

In partial fulfillment of the requirement

For the degreeof

Doctor of Materials Processing Engineering

Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academeyof Sciences November,2012

尸声 明

本人声明所呈交的学位论文是在导师指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果,相关知 识产权属中国科学院金属研究所所有,本人保证不以其它单位的名义发表或使用本论 文的研究内容。除已注明部分外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表过的研究成果,也不 包含本人为获得其它学位而使用过的内容。对本文的研究工作提供过重要帮助的个人 和集体,均已在论文中明确说明并致谢。

作者签名:≯备忘 日期:洳c埠ff月>jr日

摘要

摘要

游动芯头拉拔是制冷铜管生产现场中使用量较大的生产工艺,其模具在工艺生 产过程中对管材成品质量稳定性和环保节能都具有十分重要的作用。本文针对游动 芯头拉拔工艺中模具的摩擦磨损问题,从生产现场、理论分析、数值模拟和物理模 拟等方法对模具摩擦磨损进行系统研究,并采用相应的措施对模具进行改进和优化, 经优化后模具的寿命和生产效率得到明显提高,同时成品的质量也得到提升。本文 就理论分析和优化过程中技术难点和科学问题进行深入研究。

拉拔芯头模具的失效方式中,以竖道和环沟为主。通过扫描电镜对比竖道缺陷 内外的成分区别,发现竖道缺陷由缺乏Co元素造成的,其形成起源于硬质合金中 的WC颗粒在失去Co元素的粘结作用后,在拉拔剪切应力下脱落并在模具与铜管 的挤压作用下形成表面竖道;环沟缺陷是由于变形区与定径区连接处受到较大的压 应力,同时在温升和润滑不良的条件下逐渐形成;通过对比不同道次下管坯密度, 说明管材中的气孔不断减少,在模具表面粗糙不断提升条件下,局部气孔在变形过 程的产生连接贯通,使铜在压力作用下粘黏在模具表面。

使用Reynolds润滑理论和塑性变形力学理论,分别对流体润滑、混合润滑和干 摩擦条件下芯头模具的法向应力和摩擦应力进行理论计算,得出芯头模具在变形区 内的法向应力与摩擦应力沿着拉拔方向逐渐增大。同时,对工艺中的温度、拉拔速 度和模具表面粗糙度对应力分布的影响进行研究,拉拔速度和表面粗糙度对应力分 布基本没有影响,而温度对应力分布影响相对较大。最后,使用有限元二次开发建 立从流体润滑,到混合润滑再逐渐转变为干摩擦状态的游动芯头拉拔工艺模型。

采用摩擦磨损实验方法对铜与硬质合金材料进行分析,分别采用不同方法对流 体润滑、混合润滑和干摩擦三种润滑状态下的摩擦系数进行模拟测量,润滑状态恶 化条件下摩擦系数整体呈递增形式。工艺参数方面,摩擦系数随载荷增加逐渐增大, 随转速增大在实验初期呈增长规律,在中后期基本达到一致。同时不同润滑状态下 的磨损形貌与实际拉拔中的磨损形貌基本相符。

采用有限元结合正交实验对工艺参数进行模拟,得出工艺参数对模具磨损的权

游动芯头拉拔模具摩擦磨损及其优化

重大小,以及最佳工艺参数组合。提出新型的模具结构,相对传统拉拔模具结构其 磨损量更小,加工效率更高。最后,对模具表面进行涂层,增加模具表面的硬度和 耐磨性,芯头模具的CrN涂层硬度和粗糙度相对更好,使用金刚石外模成功拉拔管 材382吨,其寿命相对硬质合金提高了近1倍。

关键词:游动芯头拉拔,摩擦磨损,润滑,模具优化

Abstract

Research on friction and wearof dieintube drawingwith floating

plugandits optimization

WeidongTang(MaterialsProcessingEngineering)

Directed by Professor Shihong Zhang andProfessor Haiqu Zhang

Abstract

Tube drawingwith floating plug is one of the most important process in the refrigeration coppertube manufacturing.Thedieandthepluginthedrawingeffectthe tube quality,the environmental protectionand energyconservationalot.Inthis paper,the friction and weal"of the plugin coppertube drawingwerefocused on,bythemethodof productiondata,theoreticalanalysis,numericalsimulationandphysicalsimulation,andthe die optimization were adopted.Afterthe optimization,thelifeof thedieand the plugwas increased,andthe drawing efficiencyhadbeen improvedsignificantly,whilethetube qualityofthefinished productwasalso improved.Inthisstudy,thetechnicaldifficulties and the scientific issues in the the courseofthetheoretical analysisandthe optimization were investigated.

The scratch and the circle gap are themain failure of the plugs.By using SEM comparingthe compositionoutsideandinsidethescratch,itisfoundthatthescratchdefect results fromthe lackingofCoelement.Dueto WC particlesinthecementedcarbide materials losing adhering function oftheelement Co,pulled-outunderthe drawingshear, then the surfacescarchisformedunderthetheextrusionbetweenthe plugandthe copper tube;thecircle gapdefectisattributedto high compressivestress,the risingtemperature and the poor lubrication;the copperadhersiondefectiscaused bytheconnectionofthe local gas porosities,and the deteriorative surface roughnessinthedeformation.

By Reynoldslubricationtheoryandplasticdeformationmechanicstheory,normal stress and fiction stress in the deformation zone,in different lubricating conditions including:fluid lubrication,mixedlubricationanddryfrictionconditionswereobtained

游动芯头拉拔模具摩擦磨损及其优化

The both stress gradually increas along to the drawing direction.Meanwhile,drawing speedandsurface roughnesshadnoeffect onthe stress distribution,and the infuence of temperatureonthestressdistribution is relatively large.Finally,using the finite element secondary development,different lubricatingcondition coupling tube drawing with floaing plug processweremodeled.

Accordingthefrictionand weal"experiment,tribology characteristics of copper and cemented carbide materials were analyzed,to simulate measurement of the friction coefficient in the different lubrication conditions including the fluid lubrication,the mixed lubrication and the dry friction.The friction coefficient is in incremented form under deterioration condition.Connected to the process parameters,the friction coefficient is guadually rasingasload increasing;the relation of speed is also increasing at the beginning of the experiment,but approximately reached the same value in the late time.The wear morphologiesofthefrictionand wear experementindifferentlubricationconditions agree the ones in the actual drawing well.

The finite element combined with orthogonal experiment was conducted to obtain the effect order of the process parameters on the die weal',as well as the best combination of the process parameters.A new type of drawing die structure Was proposed,its wear volume was less by the FEM simulation,and the drawing efficient Was growed.Finally,the coatingsonthediesurfacewerecarried out,andthehardnessandwearresistancewere increasing.TheCrN coatingmadethehardnessand roughnessof the plug relativelybetter than before.3 82 tons of copper tubes were successfully draw by using a diamond coating die,andthelifeof the coatingdiewas higherthantheonewithout coating.

Keywords:Tube drawing withfloating plug,friction and wear,lubrication,die optimization

V

目录

摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯1
Abstract⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.iii
第一章绪论⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯1
1.1游动芯头拉拔工艺介绍⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一1
1.2摩擦磨损机理⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一4
1.2.1磨损过程与表面形貌参数⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4
1.2.2金属塑性加工中的磨损特征及机理⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯6
1.2.3磨擦磨损理论⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7
1.3模具优化方法⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯1 2
1.3.1形状及工艺参数优化⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..12
1.3.2表面改性⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..13
1.4管线材加工中摩擦磨损研究现状⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯16
1.4.1国内研究现状⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..16
1.4.2国外研究现状⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一l 8
1.5课题研究的目的、意义及主要研究内容⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯19
第二章游动芯头拉拔模具使用状况分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2 1
2.1拉拔模具的使用现状⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯21
2.1.1模具整体寿命分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一2 l
2.1.2模具局部的受力及磨损分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..23
2.2不同润滑条件下模具的使用状况⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯26
2.2.1流体润滑状态⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..27
2.2.2混合润滑状态⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..28
2.2.3干摩擦状态⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一28
2.3模具缺陷的分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯29
2.3.1竖道缺陷分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..30
2.3.2环沟缺陷分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一31
2.3.3粘铜分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一33
2.4小结⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯34
第三章游动芯头拉拔模具摩擦性能研究⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯35
3.1简介⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..35
3.2流体计算基本理论⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯36
3.2.1润滑油的黏度⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.36
3.2.2 Reynolds方程及其假设⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..39
3.3不同润滑状态下芯头的摩擦分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯41
3.3.1流体润滑状态⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一41
3.3.2混合润滑状态⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一45
3.3.3干摩擦状态⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..5 1
3.4工艺参数对芯头摩擦分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯55
3.4.1温度参数⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..55
3.4.2拉拔速度⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..59
3.4.3油膜厚度⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一6l
3.4.4表面粗糙度⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..62
3.5有限元模拟⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯63
3.6小结⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.66
第四章拉拔工况摩擦学实验⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯67
4.1简介⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯67
4.2摩擦磨损实验设计⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯69
4.3摩擦磨损实验结果分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯73
4.3.1硬质合金与铜材料的摩擦系数⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..74
4。3.2模具磨损性能⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一78
4.4小结⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.79
第五章游动芯头模具的优化⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯81
5.1简介⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯8l
5.2工艺参数优化⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯82
5.2.1有限元模型建立⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..82

目录

5.2.2正交实验⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一83
5.3模具形状的优化⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯86
5.4模具表面涂层⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯90
5.4.1芯头表面涂层⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯90
5.4.2外模表面涂层⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯94
5.5小结⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯96
第六章结论⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.99
参考文献⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯101
致谢⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.1 13
博士期间发表文章⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯115
作者简介⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯117

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